Biology

Calculate optimal PCR annealing temperature from primer sequences using Wallace rule, GC content, or nearest-neighbor method. Free online primer Tm calculator.

Calculate allele frequencies (p, q), genotype frequencies, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium from genotype or allele counts. Free population genetics tool.

Calculate animal mortality rate and survival rate for livestock, poultry, or wildlife. Enter population and deaths for instant results and veterinary records.

Calculate field work rate in acres or hectares per hour from area and time, or from machine width, speed, and efficiency. Free agricultural productivity tool.

Calculate tree basal area (BA) from DBH in cm or inches. Supports multiple trees and plot-based BA per hectare or acre for forestry and ecology surveys.