Physics

Acceleration calculator: enter initial velocity, final velocity, and time to compute acceleration in m/s² and g-units. Supports m/s, km/h, mph, and ft/s inputs.

Calculate centripetal force for circular motion from mass, velocity, and radius. Returns force in Newtons, kilonewtons, and lbf with multi-unit input support.

Calculate centrifugal force and centripetal acceleration from mass, radius, and linear or angular velocity. Supports kg, g, lb, m, cm, ft, m/s, km/h, RPM.

Calculate elastic potential energy, spring constant, or displacement using U = ½kx². Solve any Hooke's Law spring variable for physics and engineering problems.

Bullet energy calculator: enter weight in grains and velocity in fps to instantly get muzzle kinetic energy in ft-lb and momentum for any cartridge.

Calculate thermal energy using Q=mcΔT. Find heat for phase changes, heating time from power, and electrical energy. Free online physics tool.

Calculate angular momentum L in kg·m²/s using L = mvr for a point mass or L = Iω for a rigid body. Covers orbital mechanics, flywheels, and spinning objects.

Calculate projectile range, maximum height, and time of flight from initial velocity, launch angle, and initial height. Metric and imperial supported.

Compute angular acceleration α in rad/s² from velocity change, applied torque, or linear acceleration and radius. Three physics formulas in one free calculator.

Find angular displacement in radians and degrees using θ = (ω₀+ω)/2 × t or θ = ω₀t + ½αt². Supports both kinematic methods for rotational motion problems.

Convert frequency or period to angular frequency ω in rad/s. Supports Hz, RPM, kHz, MHz, seconds, milliseconds, minutes, and hours with instant results.

Blackbody radiation calculator: find peak wavelength (Wien's law), total emitted power (Stefan-Boltzmann), and Planck spectral radiance for any temperature.

Bragg's Law calculator: solve nλ = 2d sin θ for X-ray wavelength, crystal plane spacing, Bragg angle, or diffraction order in crystallography.

Brewster's angle calculator: enter refractive indices to find the angle where reflected light is perfectly polarized using Brewster's Law tan(θ)=n₂/n₁.

Calculate diffraction angle, wavelength, or grating spacing using d·sin(θ)=mλ. Supports any order and groove density for optics, spectroscopy, and physics.

Convert focal length to diopters or diopters to focal length instantly. Supports m, cm, mm, inches and multi-lens combinations for optics and eyewear.

Calculate jump distance, flight time, and max height for a car from launch speed, angle, and ramp height using projectile motion. Supports m/s, km/h, and mph.

Analyse car crashes using conservation of momentum. Compute final velocity, energy lost, and impulse for inelastic collisions. Supports kg, lb, m/s, km/h, mph.

Calculate the 3D centre of gravity of any vehicle. Add components with masses and coordinates for precise vehicle dynamics, motorsport, and safety analysis.

Angle of banking calculator: solve for banking angle, safe speed, or curve radius using tan(θ) = v²/(rg). Covers roads, racetracks, railways, and velodromes.

Convert watts, kilowatts, megawatts, horsepower, BTU per hour, calories per second, and more with accurate power-unit factors.

Calculate EIRP from transmitter power, cable loss, and antenna gain for RF and satellite links. Returns dBm, dBW, and watts for regulatory and link-budget work.

Calculate centrifuge RCF (g-force), RPM, or rotor radius. Enter any two values to solve for the third using the standard RCF = 1.118×10⁻⁵ × r × RPM² formula.

Angle of repose calculator: find the stable slope angle for sand, coal, grain, and bulk solids using internal friction coefficient, particle size, and moisture.

Calculate the angle of twist for circular shafts under torsional load using θ = TL/(GJ). Enter torque, length, shear modulus, and diameter or polar moment.

Brinell hardness calculator: enter load, ball diameter, and indentation diameter to compute BHN using BHN = 2F/(π·D·(D−√(D²−d²))) for metals and alloys.

Calculate critical buckling load, buckling stress, and safety factor using Euler's formula. Supports fixed, pinned, and cantilever end conditions.

Calculate bulk modulus and compressibility using pressure-volume data, density and sound speed, or Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio for any material.

Calculate density, mass, or volume using ρ = m/V. Supports multiple units for physics, chemistry, engineering, and material science applications.

Derive Young's modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus and Poisson's ratio from any two elastic constants. Essential for material science and engineering.

Calculate specific gravity and density ratio relative to water. Enter substance mass and volume, or input density directly, to instantly find buoyancy force.

Calculate thermal stress σ=EαΔT and biaxial stress for constrained materials. Supports steel, aluminum, copper. Essential for structural engineering.

Calculate von Mises equivalent stress and factor of safety from normal and shear stress components. Essential for structural and FEA yield analysis.

Calculate torsional stiffness, maximum shear stress, polar moment of inertia, and strain energy for circular shafts using shear modulus and geometry.

Calculate free-space path loss, received signal power, SNR, Shannon capacity, and bandwidth efficiency for wireless and satellite communication links.

Electric field acceleration: compute F=qE, a=qE/m, final velocity, and kinetic energy for charged particles — electrons, protons, and ions.

AC wattage calculator: enter voltage, current, and power factor to instantly compute real power (W), apparent power (VA), reactive power (VAR), and phase angle.

Capacitance calculator: find capacitance, stored energy, and electric field for parallel plate, spherical, cylindrical, and series/parallel combinations.

Calculate capacitive reactance (Xc) for any frequency and capacitance using Xc = 1/(2πfC). Free online AC circuit analysis tool for electronics engineers.

Conductivity to resistivity calculator: convert electrical conductivity (S/m) to resistivity (Ω·m) via ρ = 1/σ for conductors, semiconductors, and insulators.

Convert Delta (Δ) and Wye (Y) resistor networks instantly. Enter three resistance values and get the equivalent configuration for circuit analysis and design.

Calculate electric dipole moment from charge and separation in C·m and Debye. Shows x/y vector components for molecular polarity and electric field interaction.

Calculate electrical power from voltage and current, voltage and resistance, or current and resistance. Covers all three power formulas for circuit design.

Calculate electric field strength, electrostatic force, and electric potential with Coulomb's law. Useful for physics study, labs, and engineering checks.

Calculate electric motor torque from power and speed, or solve for power or RPM. Supports kW/Nm and HP/ft·lb for industrial and engineering applications.

Calculate electric potential, charge, or distance using V = kQ/r. Ideal for electrostatics, physics homework, and circuit voltage estimation.

Calculate voltage drop in electrical wire runs from current, length, and resistance. Find voltage drop percentage and power loss for safe wiring.

Convert voltage to electron volts (eV) and joules instantly. Essential for physics, electronics, and quantum mechanics calculations.

Calculate VSWR, return loss, mismatch loss, and transmission efficiency from power or impedance measurements for RF transmission line analysis.

Calculate volts, amps, ohms, watts, and optional watt-hours by entering any two electrical values, then solve the rest for quick circuit checks.

Calculate daily watt-hours, monthly kilowatt-hours, and electricity cost from appliance wattage, usage time, monthly days, and utility rate.

Convert watts to amps from power, voltage, and optional power factor for DC or AC loads so you can size circuits and compare current draw.

Boost converter calculator: find duty cycle, inductor ripple, peak current, and power for DC-DC step-up circuits in power electronics design.

Circuit breaker size calculator: enter voltage, power, power factor, and load type to find required breaker amperage and NEC wire gauge instantly.

Bridge rectifier calculator: enter AC voltage, load, diode drop, frequency, and capacitance to compute DC output, ripple voltage, ripple factor, and PIV.

Calculate duty cycle, inductor ripple current, and output ripple voltage for DC-DC buck converters. Design efficient step-down power supplies quickly.

Design capacitive transformerless supplies: compute drop capacitor reactance, DC load current, and zener dissipation for low-power LED circuits.

Calculate capacitor charging time in RC circuits using t = −RC × ln(1 − Vc/Vs). Find the RC time constant and voltage milestones for electronics timing design.

Capacitor calculator: find charge, capacitance, or voltage using Q = CV, or calculate parallel-plate capacitance from geometry and dielectric constant.

Calculate energy stored in a capacitor using E = ½ × C × V². Instant joules result for electronics, power systems, and electrical engineering.

Calculate equivalent capacitance, voltage distribution across each capacitor, charge, and energy stored for up to four capacitors connected in series.

Calculate plate area, energy stored, and power density for a capacitor from capacitance, voltage, and dielectric constant. Perfect for electronics design.

Calculate dipole antenna total length, arm size, and impedance for any frequency. Supports half-wave and quarter-wave designs with customisable velocity factor.

Ohm's Law calculator: enter any two of voltage, current, resistance, or power to instantly solve the rest using V=IR and P=VI for circuit design.

Calculate three-phase apparent, active, and reactive power from voltage, current, and power factor. Essential tool for electrical engineers.

Calculate the required transformer kVA rating from load power, power factor, efficiency, temperature, and safety factor for reliable electrical system design.

Calculate transistor DC operating point, collector current, voltage gain, and stability factor for voltage divider bias circuits. Ideal for amplifier design.

Calculate output voltage, current, and power dissipation for resistor voltage divider circuits. Essential for electronics engineers and students.

Calculate load regulation and line regulation for power supplies. Determine voltage stability from no-load and full-load voltage values.

Calculate unknown resistance using the Wheatstone bridge circuit. Enter R1, R2, R3, voltage ratio, and supply voltage for precise resistance measurement.

Broad crested weir calculator: enter width, upstream head, Cd, and Manning's n to calculate discharge, critical depth, and flow regime for open-channel design.

Buoyancy calculator: compute buoyant force, net force, and floating or sinking conditions using Archimedes' principle with mass, volume, and fluid density.

Calculate volumetric flow rate, Darcy velocity, and seepage velocity through porous media using Darcy's Law for groundwater and reservoir engineering.

Calculate pipe friction head loss, Reynolds number, and friction factor using the Darcy-Weisbach equation for hydraulic engineering and fluid mechanics.

Calculate differential pressure across valves, filters, and pipes. Includes dynamic pressure from fluid density and flow velocity for HVAC and engineering.

Calculate water density from temperature, salinity, and pressure using the UNESCO equation. Compare measured vs theoretical density for fresh and saltwater.

Calculate water dynamic viscosity, kinematic viscosity, density, and Reynolds number from temperature, pressure, flow velocity, and pipe size fast.

Calculate wind correction angle, true heading, and ground speed. Essential aviation tool for pilots to compensate for wind drift accurately.

Calculate wind load, dynamic pressure, and wind force on structures. Essential tool for structural engineers using wind speed, dimensions, and exposure factors.

Boltzmann factor calculator: compute e^(−E/kT), thermal energy kT, and state occupation probabilities for statistical mechanics and thermodynamics.

Boyle's Law calculator: solve P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ for any unknown gas pressure or volume at constant temperature. Ideal for chemistry and physics problems.

Convert BTU per hour to refrigeration tons instantly for HVAC and cooling system design. Shows kilowatt and horsepower equivalents for easy comparison.

Calorimetry calculator: compute heat energy using Q=mcΔT plus optional phase-change heat. Ideal for chemistry labs, thermodynamics, and heat transfer analysis.

Calculate the maximum theoretical Carnot efficiency for any heat engine from hot and cold reservoir temperatures in Kelvin using η = 1 − Tc/Th.

Combined Gas Law calculator: enter five of six gas variables (pressure, volume, temperature) and instantly solve for the unknown using P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂.

Compressibility factor (Z-factor) calculator for real gases: enter pressure, temperature, and critical properties to quantify deviation from ideal gas behavior.

Calculate NTU and heat exchanger effectiveness from temperatures, flow rates, and UA. Analyze thermal performance and identify fouling in industrial systems.

Calculate efficiency ratios, energy losses, and power conversion rates for motors, heat engines, and electrical systems. Compare results against design specs.

Calculate the specific gas constant (R) for any gas from its molar mass. Use the ideal gas law PV=mRT to solve for pressure, volume, temperature, or mass.

Calculate heat energy Q, specific heat capacity, or temperature change using Q = m × c × ΔT. Perfect for thermodynamics, engineering, and lab applications.

Find equilibrium temperature when two objects mix using Q=mcΔT. Calculate heat transferred and conduction heat flow for thermal balance problems.

Calculate thermal expansion for steel, aluminum, copper and more. Supports linear, area, and volume expansion using ΔL=αL₀ΔT. Essential for engineering.

Calculate thermal resistance R=L/(kA), heat flow rate, temperature gradient, and R-value for insulation design and heat transfer engineering.

Calculate energy, heating time, cost, and CO₂ emissions to heat water. Supports liters and gallons, electric and heat pump systems.

Air density calculator: compute atmospheric air density from temperature, pressure, and humidity using the ideal gas law with vapour pressure correction.

Air pressure at altitude calculator: compute atmospheric pressure, temperature, air density, and density altitude using the barometric formula and ISA model.

Calculate density altitude and air density from pressure altitude, temperature, and humidity. Essential aviation tool for aircraft performance planning.

Calculate dew point temperature from air temperature and relative humidity using the Magnus formula. Essential for weather, HVAC, and condensation analysis.

Drake Equation calculator: estimate civilizations in the Milky Way using star formation rate, planet fractions, life probability, and civilisation lifespan.

BMEP calculator: compute brake mean effective pressure, engine power in kW and hp, and specific output from torque and displacement for any 4-stroke engine.

Calculate required carburetor CFM from engine displacement, RPM, and volumetric efficiency. Size your carb correctly for peak performance and fuel economy.

Calculate delta-v using the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation. Enter initial mass, final mass, and exhaust velocity for orbital maneuver and mission planning.

Calculate specific impulse (Isp) and effective exhaust velocity for rocket engines. Enter thrust and mass flow rate to measure propulsion efficiency in seconds.

Calculate thrust-to-weight ratio (TWR), net force, and net acceleration for rockets, aircraft, and drones. Instantly determine if your vehicle can lift off.

Calculate aircraft wing loading and stall speed from weight and wing area. Supports metric and imperial units for aircraft, gliders, and RC models.

Black hole collision calculator: compute merger time, chirp mass, gravitational wave energy, and final Schwarzschild radius for binary black hole systems.

Black hole temperature calculator: compute Hawking radiation temperature, Schwarzschild radius, emitted power, and evaporation time from any black hole mass.

Explore the Bug-Rivet Paradox of special relativity. Calculate Lorentz factor, length contraction, time dilation, and relativistic kinetic energy at any speed.

Calculate relativistic time dilation using Einstein's special relativity. Enter velocity and proper time to find dilated time and Lorentz factor.

Calculate warp speed multiplier, travel time, and energy for any Star Trek warp factor. Fun physics tool for sci-fi fans and educators.

Bohr model calculator: compute electron energy levels, orbital radius, velocity, and de Broglie wavelength for any atom using the Bohr atomic model.

Compton scattering calculator: enter photon energy and angle to compute wavelength shift, scattered photon energy, and electron recoil energy transfer.

Compton wavelength calculator: compute λ = h/(mc) for electrons, protons, neutrons, and custom particle masses using Planck's constant and the speed of light.

Calculate the De Broglie wavelength from mass and velocity, kinetic energy, or momentum. Reveals wave-particle duality in nanometres and picometres.

Calculate the peak wavelength of blackbody radiation from temperature using Wien's displacement law. Perfect for physics, astronomy, and thermal analysis.

Calculate travel time, distance, or speed of light in any medium using refractive index. Supports vacuum, water, glass, and custom media for physics and optics.

Calculate reflectance and transmittance of single-layer thin film coatings using Fresnel equations. Analyze AR and HR coatings for s- and p-polarizations.

Solve the thin lens equation for focal length, object, or image distance. Find magnification and identify real, virtual, upright, or inverted images.

Acoustic impedance Z=ρc: compute reflection, transmission coefficients, and intensity percentages for sound waves at a boundary between two media.

Alfvén velocity calculator: compute MHD wave speed in plasma from magnetic field strength, ion density, and ion mass using the formula v_A = B / √(μ₀ ρ).

Convert power or amplitude ratios to dB, dB back to ratios, or combine multiple decibel sources. Covers acoustics, electronics, and signal processing formulas.

Calculate dB gain between input and output, or find the unknown output or input from a specified gain. Supports power and voltage for RF design.

Blast radius calculator: compute explosion overpressure, fireball radius, danger zone, and safe distance from TNT yield using Hopkinson-Cranz scaling.

Buoyancy experiment calculator: find buoyant force, object density, and predict float, sink, or neutral buoyancy using Archimedes' principle for physics labs.

Calculate carrier mobility, drift velocity, or electric field using μ = v_d/E. Essential for semiconductor physics, device design, and materials research.

Calculate mass from volume and density with unit selection. Perfect for engineering, chemistry, and material science applications.